Research Paper Writing Help Guide

Research Paper Writing Help Guide What is Research Paper A definition of Research Paper is as follows: A research paper is a presentation of findings after you have investigated a topic. How do you conduct the investigation? You do this by accumulating primary and secondary sources. Relevant sources must be evaluated, and here is where you need to use your critical thinking skills. Purpose of Research Paper Purpose of Research Paper is to interpret material and offer a unique perspective, solution, or answer: Suggesting how an issue or process can be improved Highlighting both the strengths and weaknesses of material Learning how to evaluate the work of others Expanding on and adding to existing thoughts Types of Research Papers Students present findings in various forms depending on the question requirements. The two most popular forms are: By purpose: Argumentative Research Paper This paper persuades readers to accept a theory that is controversial or debatable. The writer offers a stance in the introduction in their thesis statement and then argues in favor of the position. Using credible primary and secondary sources, they convince readers of a unique viewpoint. Analytical Research Paper The purpose is to explore the answer to a question about a topic. Writers don’t stick to a particular side. They analyze a range of viewpoints and include enough support based on strong sources. This way, readers can make their own conclusions. Critical evaluation is essential! By Format: General Research Paper This format is appropriate for writing in the humanities. Logical arrangement and critical analysis help readers to understand your deductions. A general research paper contains three main sections an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. You also need to consider if the paper is argumentative, analytical, or one of the other types. Scientific Research Paper A scientific research paper uses a more rigid structure to present findings and methods. This creates a system of uniformity to deliver data to the scientific community. Because of its structure, people can obtain information from a scientific paper in different ways they can browse the abstract or go straight to tables and results. Read more: General vs Scientific research paper: What is the Difference? Steps to Writing a Good Research Paper Choosing a Topic Try to find a topic that truly interests you Try writing your way to a topic Talk with your course instructor and classmates about your topic Pose your topic as a question to be answered or a problem to be solved Useful links: How to choose a Research Paper Topic? Research Topics Ideas Paper Topic Generator Conducting Research Selecting Sources Here are some tips for finding primary and secondary sources online: Search the websites of institutions, organizations, and people that are experts in the field or who are reputable sources of knowledge. For example, Encyclopedia Britannica and Encyclopedia Americana (available through a library) have long been trusted knowledge bases. Use online libraries such as the International Public Library and the Wall Street Executive Library OnlineNewspapers.com categorizes thousands of newspapers from around the world Use databases like Google Scholar and Science Direct to find research abstracts and reports, journal articles, manuscripts, scholarly articles, and much more. Pay attention to the domain name of websites. A domain is identified by the letters at the end of a website URL. If you want to find reports from a university, for instance, focus on sites with .edu at the end of the URL. Government websites end with .gov. Information on these sites is probably more accurate than .com pages. Documenting Information Organize your research by using annotations and making lists of references. Use cards, colors, or any other method to group ideas. Note why you think the source is important and what point it supports. This is useful for creating a good outline and facilitates the writing process. Writing an Outline What is Research Paper Outline An outline is a plan of how you will arrange ideas in the most effective way possible. Information needs to be organized and must flow logically for readers to understand the point of your research. Purpose of Outline The purpose and advantages of preparing an outline before writing include: You classify information beforehand; Consequently, you focus on expressing your ideas and using the right grammar and structures when you write the actual paper. Outlining saves time. You do the hard work of finalizing main points and supporting data and facts. All you need to do afterward is write it coherently. An outline reveals irrelevant or weak material. When you view the full plan and how ideas flow and complement each other, unnecessary points are clear to spot. Outlining allows you to select the most relevant sources and incorporate them in a way that strengthens your points. How to Construct an Outline Your outline is not set in stone. You can go back and change sections if you find new information or discover better research. However, the elements of an outline are standard, and they separate the blueprint into an introduction, body paragraphs or sections, and a conclusion. Sections can be divided using headings and subheadings. Main headings use roman numerals (I, II, III, IV etc.) Subheadings use letters of the alphabet (A, B, C etc.) Each main heading should contain two or more subheadings. Useful links: How to write a Research Paper Outline? Writing a Body Here is where a strong outline makes writing easier. You know the number of body paragraphs to include. You have a main idea for each body paragraph as well as its supporting information, and you can integrate your sources to support claims. Remember you don’t summarize sources. You analyze, deconstruct, compare and explain them in order to lend weight to your paragraphs and, ultimately, your thesis statement. The number of body paragraphs depends on the depth of research. Longer projects need several headings and subheadings in the body. Writing a Conclusion End your paper with a conclusion that rephrases the thesis statement and summarizes main points. Explain your deductions and suggest areas of the topic that can be researched next. Revising and Making a Final Draft Check overall organization: logical flow of introduction, coherence and depth of discussion in body, effectiveness of conclusion. Paragraph level concerns: topic sentences, sequence of ideas within paragraphs, use of details to support generalizations, summary sentences where necessary, use of transitions within and between paragraphs. Sentence level concerns: sentence structure, word choices, punctuation, spelling. Documentation: consistent use of one system, citation of all material not considered common knowledge, appropriate use of endnotes or footnotes, accuracy of list of works cited. Research Paper Help By Type of Service Research Paper Writing Service offers Research Paper Writing Service to high-school and college level students. It may help if you want to get you paper written for you by someone professional in the field of study. Scope of Service Research Paper Writing Service includes the following types of assignments: Custom Papers Research Proposal Research Summary Research Paper Writing How it works? Research Paper Writing Service works like that: Student places an Order Make their offers Student Hires a Writer Writer Works on a Research Paper and reports on the progress Student pays in milestones if happy Price Starts from $18 per page. Discounts apply to new customers as well as offers with extended deadline. Features: Title page Formatting References Plagiarism check Examples of completed orders Research Paper Example Research Paper Introduction Example Topic Generation Use Essay Topic Generator at to discover a topic that truly interests you. Topics are already stated as a question to be answered or a problem to be solved. Examples of Research Paper by other Students Magic Help is a great website that gives access to more 20 000 essay and research paper examples and is updated daily. All essays are written by actual students and donated to the database for educational purposes. Essay Builder Essay Builder (beta) is tool that helps build essays online, gives suggestion on grammar, style, language use as well as has in-built plagiarism check. Essay Checker Robot Don is a great way to check essay and recieve an Essay Score by 7 characteristics. It really helps and may even predict your Grade. Research Paper Editing Service Available at and provided by hundreds of freelance editors. Research Paper Proofreading Service Also, available at and provided by hundreds of freelance profreaders. By Marker’s Expectations: Research Make sure you have done the following steps on Research Stage: Selected the type of research paper Picked a worthwhile topic Gathered information from a variety of primary and secondary sources Constructed a solid outline to guide your thought and writing processes Put everything together in written form If you have not or need help, consider using: Topic Generator Examples by other Students to get you some Ideas Content Here’s the Research Paper Content Checklist: The paper shows critical analysis of the topic Your introduction contains a thesis statement or a hypothesis. You worked according to your outline, for the most part, ensuring no important data has been omitted. The paper answers the thesis or proves/disproves the hypothesis presented in the introduction. Ideas flow logically and support the thesis or hypothesis. Supporting information and sources are valid and act as a strong backbone for the paper. Facts and figures are accurate. Sources are accurately cited using APA, MLA, or Chicago. If you feel uncomfortable about your Content Quality here are Research Paper Help options for you: Research Paper Writers Essay Builder Essay Checker Language and Style Research Paper Language and Style Checklist: The correct tenses are used. For example, use the past tense to describe methods or the present tense for generally accepted facts. Vocabulary and writing style make your ideas clear and concise, so the point of the paper is not lost to the reader. The language shows objectivity. Using the third person instead of the pronoun ‘I’ is one way to do this. Spelling and punctuation are accurate. Paragraphs contain a topic sentence, transitions, and a summary sentence if necessary. The paper is divided into appropriate sections headings are used to lead from one section to another and transition words link ideas. The paper is in the right format and follows the instructors guidelines. The language is formal. Help Tips: Use Robot Don, the Essay Checker, to check Language Usage, Readability as well as get ab overall Grade for your Paper. Use Revision Service

Gross domestic product v gross national happiness The WritePass Journal

Gross domestic product v gross national happiness Introduction Gross domestic product v gross national happiness IntroductionConclusionRelated Introduction Human beings are created in a unique way. The qualities we engage differentiate us from one another, as we are gifted with unlimited blessings. We have almost full control over our actions and behaviour, which is the reason why we sometimes struggle to innovate new methodologies for our well-being. Going back in history we started our lives from caves until being part of this Global village. The question we ask, that are these changes such as measuring Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as well as Gross National happiness (GNH) really for the best? Within this assignment, in the light of Economics we will be discussing the way Nations/States manage their lives (well being). The main focus will be on explaining the differences between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and what the state of Bhutan in the Himalayas call ‘Gross Nation Happiness’ (GNH). The assignment will then move onto discussing the main problems of measuring both GDP and GNH. GDP formally known as Gross National Income (GNI) has been elaborated from a Russian-born, American educated, and â€Å"Father of National Income Accounting†. Dr Simon Kuznet introduced the method of calculating National Income, although concept of National Income has existed for hundreds of years. Consistent measure of National Income remained invisible or nonexistent before Kuznet’s work. Byrns, R T. While the GDP and the rest of the national income accounts may seem to be arcane concepts, they are truly among the great inventions of the twentieth century. (Paul A. Samuelson and William D. Nordhaus) Like any other process, the method National Income (NI) has crossed many stages to become GDP. At this day and age we have a barometer to gauge the financial health of a Nation and yes, money plays a vital role to fulfil the necessities of life, but it has been proven that stress levels are much higher within the wealthier communities. The question, which arises here, is what is it that’s lacking, despite of having fair and good financial health, especially in developed countries, as the majority are still not living a happy life. Crabtree, S. (Oct 2009) However, GDP was intended to be a measure of economic growth. GDP was never planned to be a measure of overall social well-being. This western economic theory makes the statement that economic growth will enhance social well-being. Research has indicated that in most cases this statement is true, for example when basic human needs are better met. However, GDP is seen to be an imperfect measure, as it does not account for the environmental and social degradations that often accompany economic development. â€Å"Although gross domestic product (GDP) is not intended to be a measure of societal welfare, it is often used as such. One shortcoming as a welfare measure is that it fails to account for the non-marketed value of natural resource flows.† Turner, P. Tschirhart, J. (1999) Moreover, GDP was intended to help politicians with the circumstances of World War II. (Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2000). It was a guide to post-war economic policy and it is hard to underestimate its success. William M. Daley, U.S. Secretary of Commerce, stated that: â€Å"Since the end of World War II, when the GDP accounts were more fully developed and in wider use, the boom and bust swings are much less severe. They have had a very positive effect on America’s economic well-being, by providing a steady stream of very useful economic data.† The success of the GDP can be seen in its ubiquity, it has become the pre-eminent measure of economic and, to a large extent, social well-being. Gross National Happiness (GHN) on the other hand, which has been attributed to the former king of Bhutan, is seen more important than ‘Gross Domestic Product’ The former monarch is said to have made GNH the guiding philosophy of Bhutan’s development process, soon after his enthronement in 1972 (Thinley 2007). However, it was not until the late 1980s, that the king began to use the GNH concept openly in an attempt to ensure that economic development was in harmony with Bhutan’s culture, institutions and spiritual values (Ura and Galay 2004). Introducing Bhutan and GNH to outside ideas and institutions began in the early 1960s, and apparently picked up pace in the 1970s (Ura and Galay 2004). In that context, the GNH concept probably evolved as good-humoured play on words to make the point that the development process ought not be directed toward increasing GNP if this is at the expense of traditional values. Some critics have had difficulty in accepting the GNH concept. This is mainly due to the word ‘Gross’ as in GNH this does not appear to have any meaning, where in GNP it does, it also does not have a meaning corresponding to that in national income accounting. However, this has not prevented the GNH concept from becoming a national objective in Bhutan. Article 9 of the Constitution of this new democracy states: ‘The State shall strive to promote those conditions that will enable the pursuit of Gross National Happiness’. Furthermore, GNH has been debated around the world for many years. Nevertheless, it has received overwhelming support and encouragement from all over the world, be it scholars, educationists, politicians, researchers alike. In addition, GNH is widely discussed internationally. At least four international conferences have been held specifically on GNH, attracting participation by scholars from different disciplines and different parts of the world. (Ongmo, S Dec 2009) b) The reason for the overwhelming support and sympathy that the GNH concept is receiving worldwide is that the citizens everywhere are dissatisfied with the way societies are progressing currently in the world. They are increasingly concerned with their quality of life where GDP is the sole yardstick used for measuring social progress prompted by globalisation. Now people are demanding for more sustainable and complete approach to development taking into account dimensions such as social, environment and culture into policy framework. Comments such as the below have been made which is making GNH the next phenomenon. ‘Our industry should be boosting gross national happiness’ (Pollard, I 2008) In this context, GNH challenges the one sided measure of social progress using GDP as the only indicator. The Bhutanese government refuses to consider GDP as a good indicator enough to measure development. It argues that GDP is simply a measure of the currency that switches hands and it doesn’t take care of the growing social problems and deteriorating natural resources of a nation. (Sonam Jamtsho, Principal, Peljorling MSS, Samtse ) In today’s age, we have mentioned GNH is a potential substitute for GDP. (Ray, Debraj (1998): Development Economics, New Delhi 1998.) As we have found that GDP has failed to measure on whether it has benefited the nation or not as its only focus has been on the on economy. Factors such as natural disasters haven’t been considered which could contribute to the GDP growth as it stimulates economic activities such as increasing demands for construction. Also I have fund that the measure of GDP isn’t accurate as there is fear that statistic errors along with pollution factors aren’t being included, which would affect the overall performance. GDP also fails to measure things like quality improvement, this is due to the fact GDP can only measure the price as value, but not the quality of goods being produced. Saturday, January 31, 2009, 17:19 Also when assessing the performance of nations, GDP is often the policy used to measure wealth. However, it fails to meas ure more delecate forms of wealth, which are maybe more important to the average persons well being. Harrell, E Sep 2009. Nevertheless, I have found that changes or adbating to different policies will be a real challenge as for example swapping our UK standard of living for that of an average Bhutanese citizen would be very hard to adabt . By Eben Harrell Wednesday, Sep. 16, 2009 In contrast, GNH has become a more complete indicator as it draws upon a broader set of social, environmental and health measurement. One of the GNH creators Lyonpo Jigmi Thinley states: â€Å"We have to think of human well-being in boarder terms. Material well-being is only one component. That does not ensure that you are at peace with your environment and in harmony with each other.† GNH aims to evaluate sustainability, wellbeing and quality of life. There are nine index variables and many different metrics, which it uses to measure GNH. For example some on the key measurements include total household income, the highest level of education, the value of voluntary work and unpaid housework, natural capital such as energy, air and water quality, sustainable transportation, levels of health and education, crime, pollution and recycling levels. However, GNH faces its own limitations. Certain elements which make GNH become possible such as happiness from love is in fact hard to be measured by a rare method as people have different perceptions towards what happiness really means to them. In addition, GNH is only an indication and does not solve the real problems. For example, after releasing GNH in Bhutan, the country still faces challenges such as poverty and alcoholism. It will be argued here that the happiness revolution might, instead of bringing about the return of â€Å"utility,† ultimately condemn this concept for being simplistic, and reveal that subjective well-being cannot serve as a metric for social evaluation without serious precautions. Fleurbaey, Marc(2009) However, no measure has yet be proven to be perfect as the concept of GDP has risen concern of why the world measuring its development, progress and even sense of success by the GDP, if it does not properly account for the things that are beneficial or destructive to society. After all, the economy is just the exchange of goods and services that are meant to enhance the standard of living. Economist Alan Greenspan, and even the inventor of GDP, Simon Kuznets, warned about using GDP to measure well-being and prosperity (Haggart, 2000). Policy makers and Nations such as the U.S have intended to make positive changes to improve the structure. U.S have requested the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) to revise the way it measure’s GDP levels and growth. One of the changes consisted of switching to a chain-weighted method of computing aggregate growth which depends on the current price information. This allowed BEA to measure GDP growth more accurately by using a new, chain-weighted procedure which would eventually eliminate upward biases in the incoming data. This indicates that challenges have been reconised when gathering accurate data for GDP and that policymakers are to some extent trying to   make changes to enhance the method. However, study has shown that there are drawbacks which aren’t allowing the new measure to work as swiftly as it was intended to, as there has only been a small impact on the analysis of the macro economy. The new data, however, showed that the economy has been growing a bit less rapidly over the last few years than they had expected. The new policy also didn’t alter any estimates of the effects of monetary and fiscal policy on inflation, employment, and the budget and trade deficits. Key data on inflation, such as the consumer and producer price indexes, will not be changed, nor will the data on employment or the budget and trade deficits. On the whole, the most significant consequences of the revised GDP measurement system may be that growth in recent years will be marked down and the chronic upward bias to ongoing estimates of aggregate growth eliminated. Policy makers have recognized that GDP successfully measures the national Ð µconomic strÐ µngth, however, as discussed above ,GDP fails to measure things that ‘make life meaningful’. Morgan Housel January 1, 2011. Collaborating GDP and GNH has been discussed in many states such as the U.S and the UK. Concepts of measuring both happiness and Gross are in talks, but research suggests that there is a lot of work involved, however, there are signs that they are working in the right direction. A strategy in the U.K which many of us are aware of, track trends that affect the communities well being by using data from the census surveys where government agencies that track health, the environment, the economy and other societal barometers. U.S on the other hand, are working with a research team at Princeton who are working with the Bureau of Labor Statistics to incorporate this kind of charting (census) into its new time use survey, which began last year and is given to 4,000 Americans each month. Dr. Alan B. Krueger, a Princeton economist working on the survey stated that: The idea is to start with life as we experience it and then try to understand what helps people feel fulfilled and create conditions that generate that, This method is intended to equip and educate the American quest for ever more income. But that benefit would have to be balanced against the problems that come with the increased stress imposed by additional testing. We should not be hoping to construct a utopia, Professor Krueger said. What we should be talking about is piecemeal movement in the direction of things that make for a better life. paradise-engineering.com/happiness/gnh.html China on the other hand, started using, what is known to be a complex index called Human Development Index (HDI), that was established by Nobel Prize laureate Amartya Sen, which was then replaced by Gross National Product in 1990. China, who is another nation which is attracted to the concept of Gross National Happiness (GNH) as they found it an urgent necessity to move away from the GDP-led approach to a more human-centred style of government. The difficulties that many nations are facing that happiness cannot be measured. The IEA, quite fairly argue that the satisfaction levels have not really gone up or down since records began in the 1950s might simply show that measuring happiness is a very imprecise science. As the authors point out, many happiness measurements are based on a three-point scale, with people asked if they feel unhappy, happy, or very happy. Basing government policy on such an imprecise measurement would be like the Bank of Englands monetary policy board basing its policy decisions on whether people say they are feeling poor, rich or very rich, they write. Its not just rising income levels that dont appear to affect happiness levels. Rising levels of violent crime also dont appear to affect it. The high unemployment of the 1980s dont seem to affect it. Nothing seems to affect it. It just continues in a straight, boring line. So what policy conclusions can we draw from this? None, it would be fair to suggest. The main problems identified were indicators such as the service input as defining and measuring has become very complex as Some business have mixed service departments in which trying to differentia could be a hard task. Also measuring non market goods such as housework and raising a family is also a challenge. GDP figures also exclude the making of goods and services that are not sold within markets. This component includes housework, meals cooked at home, and child care provided by parents, as well as services volunteered for charities and other groups. For example, when parents care for their own children, the value of their care does not appear in GDP. However, when parents pay for child care, those services appear in GDP. GDP also includes only a very imperfect estimate of production of goods and services sold on the underground economy (or black market). This activity includes production of illegal goods and services (such as drugs and prostitution). It also includes production of legal goods that goes unreported to avoid taxes. Many estimates suggest that the underground economy in the United States amounts to between 5 and 10 percent of GDP; this figure is even larger in many other countries. Conclusion Also when renting a property the expenses appear in GDP as payments towards housing services, where on the other hand if you own the property GDP includes the government’s estimate of the rent that you would pay if you were renting. Also pricing of goods isn’t accurate as these are measured using old, higher prices, overstating the increase in the value of production. Research has also shown that double counting is also a major problem. Ref needed. Monday, 16 June 2008 Posted by Jules Evans politicsofwellbeing.com/2008/06/problem-with-measuring-happiness.html Illegal Economy The economy which can be shown incorrectly due to corruption, bribery and drugs business. Statistical Errors People measuring the economy not performing their duties with honesty or the standard they are using are not current to measure the accurate value of GDP. Pollution Factor Pollution factor can ¶t be included in GDP. Facilities and living standards facilities and living standards improvement can ¶t be indicated by GDP, to show whether the people of the country are worst off or well off. Quality Improvement As the time passes quality improve with speed as compared to the price, GDP can only measure the price as value but not quality. scribd.com/doc/35771023/Difficulties-in-Measuring-Gdp

Annotated Bibliography

This article gives a good overview of actual computer crimes and general information and examples such. Information about what is involved in a computer crime and what the laws enforced are all discussed in this article. The Challenge Of White Collar Sentencing. (2007,Spring) Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 731(29). Retrieved July 1st from Gale Power Search Database Great source of explanation and real examples of how it is tough to keep white collar criminals behind bars and what is being done to fix this problem. Examples of what the author thinks to enforce white collar sentencing are also given. Multilevel Franchise or Pyramid Scheme? (1985, October) Journal of Small Business Management, 54 (5). Retrieved July 1st from Gale Power Search Database The famous pyramid scheme is dissected and shows the ins and outs. This article discusses how legal businesses find loop holes and teeter on the edge of legality. The Fight Against Fraud: A Look At Best Practices Used in the Effort to Defeat Corporate Fraud. (2004, April) Internal Auditor, 34 (5) Retrieved July 1st from Gale Power Search Database The methods of beating fraud in corporations are discussed along with how certain situations have been squashed. Many individuals have worked very hard to beat these crimes and it shows how they did it. Signs Of Fraud (2000, December) The CPA Journal, 60, retrieved July 1st from Gale Power Search Database This article is taken from actual CPA’s and how they can detect signs of fraudulent activities within corporations or small business’s. It shows how many activities may seem harmless but may actually be certain signs of crimes being committed. Crime Wave! The 100 Corporate Criminals of the 1990’s (1999, July) 9, Multinational Monitor, Retrieved July 1st from Gale Power Search Database This article discusses great examples of real offenders and white collar crimes of all types. Even goes into detail about a well know company such as Royal Caribbean and how they too have had individuals who were committing fraud. Finding Fraud on the Internet (1996, October) 14 (4), Internal Auditor, Retrieved July 1st from Gale Power Search Database This article goes into detail about the most widely known source of fraud: the internet. This source gives examples from auditors and studies that have been performed when looking for internet fraud along with the results. It also discusses why white collar crimes are sometimes overlooked and not viewed upon as criminals. Booth,K. (2002)Called to Account. Time Article. Retrieved July 1, 2008, from http://www. time. com/time/business/article/0,8599,263006,00. html This is an article about the famous Enron scandal. This is one of the most widely known scandals and gives all the details and steps they took to their huge failure. Question: From what I understand I would think all you have to do is make sure the references are in alphabetical order and remove the bibliographies.

Trends in collective bargaining in the ukadvantages and disadvantages Essay

Trends in collective bargaining in the ukadvantages and disadvantages of employees in collective bargaining and an assessment of it - Essay Example Nowadays it is being chiefly used for financial purposes and social issues. Recently there has been less centralized collective bargaining in the UK. In regard to this Fox states "[Collective bargaining] has often been seen as, though not by all pluralists, not only as leveling up employee power to an acceptable approximation of that of management, but also as reinforcing government social welfare and redistribute policies in gradually reducing class difference." (Fox, 1985:22) In the UK collective bargaining is treated as the most useful and efficient form of bargaining which can help the workers to regulate their terms and conditions of service in consideration with ILO Convention 84. Nevertheless, the significance of collective bargaining in the United Kingdom and in the other parts of the industrialised world has minimized after the 1980s.Its turn down in the government sector comes from the growth of Review Body arrangements (Jackson, Leopold, Tuck, Katz 1995). A collective bargaining agreement helps the employees to look for progress in wages, hours of working and work environment. In other words it is a base through which the employees can voice their demands but these agreements sometimes can lead to difficult consequences such as strikes. However after the mid 1990s a considerable increase is seen in the partnership deals between the unions and the employers. These agreements allow the employees to have a greater sense of job security and strong p osition in the company. In UK agreements have been made so that the performance is improved by making a chance in organization or improving the relationships with other industries (e.g. Tesco etc). Collective bargaining has made a way for the trade unions to rise and the trade unions in the recent years are stressing on their functions in improving the business performance. Workers are joining the trade unions because of the lack of job security in the firms. Trade Unions have accepted the management offers to negotiate partnership agreements. This new way adopted by them is causing more members to join them and is helping the trade unions to get identification in the non union companies. The Trade Union Congress has formed a Partnership Institute which offers guidance and help to organization who want to build up good relations between unions, employers and employees. One such example which involves collective agreements is Barclays Bank and UNIFI. Strikes were caused in the firm d ue to the belief of upcoming job losses and salary disputes. An agreement was reached between the management and the employees in April 1999. The agreement reached helped the employees to get job security and hence helped them to improve the quality of life. (Industrial Relations Services Employment Trends 715, November 2000).Collective bargaining is a process which provides the employers or the management to deal with the problems of the employees equally. If the general areas of interests are emphasized in collective bargaining it can help to develop an approval of common interests by the employees (Purcell, 1979). The feeling of equality and general interests being fulfilled will help the workers to be satisfied, would lessen disagreements and create an environment of stability within the company for the employees. It can lead to equal pay for all the workers ding the same work and this would provide a social benefit. Equality is

The use of a Utilitarian philosophy works best to blance a business Research Paper

The use of a Utilitarian philosophy works best to blance a business organization,s legal, societal, economic, and moral obligations - Research Paper Example How moralistic are the actions of organizations to their customers? Finally, how does the principle of Utilitarianism help put all the actions of business organizations in check? Utilitarian Philosophy or Utilitarianism can be described as a mechanism by which happiness and satisfaction in life could be made available to all people without prejudicial consideration or discrimination (Goodin, 1995). Researchers have always found it difficult to give a single definition to Utilitarianism because it encompasses all practices and processes that would provide opportunities for ordinary people in a country to enjoy equal happiness and well-being. Goodin (1995) strongly believed that Utilitarianism is a public philosophy whereby governments make laws and regulations to control the activities of all producers of goods and services within the country in a way that they will not jeopardize the well-being and state of happiness of the consumers. Definitely, governments set up ethics and codes of practices to checkmate overt desires to maximize profits, undermine people’s social and moral aptitudes and fundamental rights by requiring that business organizations carry out their business functions in a manner that would not harm people’s lives (Goodin, 1995). In this perspective, the governments are acting like checkmate system or moral agent, reminding the owners of businesses their non-negotiable responsibilities or obligations towards their customers, in assuring that their satisfaction and happiness are maintained. Governments somehow tolerate utilitarianism in order to ensure that the rights of all citizens are respected, and the governmental policies of equality are honored (Goodin, 1995). This fact alone makes it impossible for business organizations to cheat their customers and risk being sanctioned by the governments (Goodin,

Arguments for and against using Utilitarian principles Essay Example for Free

Arguments for and against using Utilitarian principles Essay Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that proclaims that the morally right course of action in any given situation is the one that produces the greatest amount of pleasure over pain for everyone affected (Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell 2008). This is evident in business decision making processes done by analysts, legislators and managers, for instance on deciding to invest resources in public project, to minimize cost by using foreign labors and such. Thus, the argument on whether utilitarian principles should be applied in workplace practices is highly debated as it carries both pros and cons. First and foremost, utilitarianism in an organizational context â€Å"provides a clear and straightforward basis (Shaw, Barry Sansbury 2009, p67)† for developing and testing guidelines and protocols. Pain and pleasure is graded in a scale of continuum to measure intensity of the emotion (Burns 2005). As such, organizations can utilize this to derive objective decisions, as the approach uses quantitative result oriented method, and calculates cost and benefit of the consequences of all possible alternatives. For instance, a departmental manager ordered to cut cost in his department may revise all employees’ salary in the interest of obtaining higher utility for all parties rather than lay off some staff. Secondly, utilitarianism enables an unbiased approach of decision making, thus a way to resolve conflicts involving self-interest (Mill, 1863). This approach requires the decision maker to take the standpoint of an impartial third party and give equal weightage to everyone’s interest. As such, the outcome of the decision will not be influenced by self interest and chances of negative implication to all individual are minimized. This is advantages, as incidents such as Bhopal Disaster that killed 20000, as a result of poor maintenance to minimize cost for the shareholders, could be evaded. Moreover, utilitarianism is a comprehensive and flexible method as it looks at the end results of actions and takes into consideration the complexity of the circumstances (Burns 2005, p46). All ramifications, regardless whether they are direct, indirect, long term or short term, are taken into account especially in situations that may have long term environmental and health implication. Thus using utilitarianism, organizations can reach â€Å"realistic and workable moral decisions (Shaw, Barry Sansbury 2009, p67)†. Nonetheless, there are criticisms against the utilitarianism approach as it is difficult to determine and account for all foreseeable benefit and harm of every possible alternative (De George 2013, p48). This is because we cannot know the full implication of all actions in the long term, nor can we accurately estimate the pain and pleasure of future consequences resulting from these actions. For example, a drug that was released into market after thorough research and careful consideration of benefit over harm, could have undiscovered lethal side effect that could manifest many years later. However, due to limited technological advancement when the research was conducted, this potential harm and its intensity may not be identified accurately during initial cost and benefit analysis. Furthermore, utilitarianism is a teleological theory that looks at the end result itself rather than action. As such, it isn’t concerned with how the utility is achieved and even morally reprehensible actions such as theft and murder could be considered ethically right as long it produces more utility (Shaw, Barry Sansbury 2009, p68)†.Moreover, the theory, though theoretically plausible, is not applicable in real life situations in which individuals are required to make decision within minutes and could not possibly consider all alternatives and their implications. In conclusion, utilitarianism though highly applicable to workplace, should be practiced with caution as it also has weaknesses like any other theory. As such, the individuals in decision making position, should be aware of potential biases and shortcomings of practicing utilitarianism and attempt to diminish the negative implications. Reference List Burns,J 2005, â€Å"Happiness and Utility: Jeremy Bentham’s Equation† Utilitarianism Resources. P46,accessed 27/08/2013, http://www.utilitarianism.com. De George, R 2013, Business Ethics, Pearson/Prentice Publication, New Jersey. Ferrell,O , Fraedrich, J Ferrell,L 2008, Business Ethics : Ethical Decision Making and Cases ,South- Western Publication, Mason. Mill, J 1863, Utiilitarianism , Utilitarianism Resources. Accessed 27/08/2013, http://www.utilitarianism.com/mill2.html. Shaw,w, Barry,V Sansbury,G 2009 Moral Issues in Business, Cengage Learning Australia, South Melbourne.

Harmony in Emersons Nature Essay -- Emerson Nature

Harmony in   Emerson's Nature I would like to address two points in my discussion on Nature. One I just found interesting and the other is to examine the idea of unity and harmony presented throughout the work. While I was rereading, I noticed in the beginning Emerson mentioned "horizons" three times. I know Emerson is sometimes redundant, but to me he was trying to tell us the importance of the horizon. When he was writing about who owns what property, he mentions a "property in the horizon which no man has." Somewhere in the distance is a place on earth that belongs to itself. "In the tranquil landscape, and especially in the distant line of the horizon, man beholds somewhat as beautiful as his own nature." The last time seems to sum it up- "The health of the eye seems to demand a horizon. We are never tired, so long as we can see far enough." To me, horizons represent all that is possible in the world. When we look out into the world, we can see the horizon, which is an ending, but all the space in between is just the beginning. The sun rises and sets over the horizon. It is where each day begins and ends We can only see so far, but we know there is so much more to be seen. If for some reason you don’t like what you see, then there is always the hope that you can change it, because you can see all the possibilities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I also think I can tie the way Emerson views children into my interpretation of the horizons. He writes in Chapter 1 that the true love of nature has a deep connection between their "inward and outward senses" and still seems to maintain "the spirit of infancy." Children can truly see the meaning of the world, without the deceit and anger that some adults choose to see with. Children are connecte... ...ious mind. But, twice Emerson notes that nature is a presence that shines through us, not around us, but through our bodies. So, to me, it is very evident that nature is indeed a part of our soul. But I guess our souls are outside of our bodies. Maybe nature flows through our souls not our actual bodies. Sometimes I forget my body and my soul are separate, but maybe they aren’t and that is what Emerson is trying to say-Everything is connected, we are all one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To sum up my point on harmony between man and God and Nature, I would like to give you one last quote - "The aspect of nature is devout. Like the figure of Jesus, she stands with bended head, and hands folded upon the breast." She loves us and respects us and only demands the same. Or will we kill her on the cross, stripped of all that was once hers? But, Jesus came back, do you think we will?